NgoLwesithathu oluzayo, umhla zingama-24 kuLwezi, ithebula lakamuva eliyindingilizi elithi Driving into the Future lizoxoxa ngokuthi ikusasa lokukhiqizwa kwebhethri laseCanada lingabukeka kanjani. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unethemba lokuhle—ukholelwa ngempela ukuthi zonke izimoto zizosebenza ngogesi ngo-2035-noma ucabanga ukuthi ngeke sifinyelele lowo mgomo wokuzibekela, izimoto ezisebenza ngebhethri ziyingxenye ebalulekile yekusasa lethu. Uma i-Canada ifuna ukuba yingxenye yalokhu kuguquguquka kukagesi, sidinga ukuthola indlela yokuba umkhiqizi ohamba phambili wezinhlelo zamandla ezimoto esikhathini esizayo. Ukuze ubone ukuthi ikusasa libukeka kanjani, bukela ithebula lokukhiqiza ibhethri lakamuva lethu e-Canada ngalolwesithathu ngo-11:00 am Eastern Time.
Khohlwa ngamabhethri esimo esiqinile. Okufanayo kuya kuwo wonke ama-hype mayelana nama-silicon anode. Ngisho nebhethri lomoya le-aluminium elingenalutho elingakwazi ukushajwa ekhaya alikwazi ukunyakazisa umhlaba wezimoto zikagesi.
Liyini ibhethri lesakhiwo? Awu, umbuzo omuhle lo. Ngenhlanhla yami, ongafuni ukwenza sengathi anginabo ubungoti bobunjiniyela, impendulo ilula. Izimoto zamanje zikagesi zinikwa amandla amabhethri afakwe emotweni. Oh, sithole indlela entsha yokufihla ikhwalithi yabo, okuwukwakha wonke lawa mabhethri e-lithium-ion endaweni ephansi ye-chassis, ukudala inkundla "ye-skateboard" manje efana ne-EV design. Kodwa basahlukene nemoto. Isengezo, uma uthanda.
Amabhethri esakhiwo achitha le paradigm ngokwenza yonke i-chassis eyenziwe ngamaseli ebhethri. Esikhathini esizayo esibonakala njengephupho, hhayi kuphela indawo ethwala umthwalo ezoba-kunokuba iqukethe-amabhethri, kodwa izingxenye ezithile zomzimba-A-izinsika, uphahla, ngisho, njengoba isikhungo socwaningo sibonisile, kungenzeka. Isihlungi somoya igumbi elicindezelwe-elingenawo amabhethri kuphela, kodwa empeleni lakhiwe amabhethri. Ngokusho kukaMarshall McLuhan omkhulu, imoto iyibhethri.
Nokho, nakuba amabhethri e-lithium-ion esimanje ebukeka esezingeni eliphezulu, ayasinda. Ukuminyana kwamandla e-lithium ion kuncane kakhulu kunophethiloli, ngakho-ke ukuze kuzuzwe ububanzi obufanayo nezimoto zikaphethiloli, amabhethri kuma-EV anamuhla makhulu kakhulu. Enkulu kakhulu.
Okubaluleke nakakhulu, zinzima. Okufana nokusinda "kumthwalo obanzi". Ifomula eyisisekelo esetshenziswayo njengamanje ukubala ukuminyana kwamandla ebhethri ukuthi ikhilogremu ngayinye ye-lithium ion ingakhiqiza cishe amahora angu-250 watt kagesi. Noma emhlabeni wezifinyezo, onjiniyela bakhetha, 250 Wh/kg.
Yenza izibalo ezincane, ibhethri engu-100 kWh ifana ne-Tesla exhunywe ebhethri ye-Model S, okusho ukuthi nomaphi lapho uya khona, uzodonsa cishe u-400 kg webhethri. Lolu uhlelo lokusebenza oluhle kakhulu nolusebenza kahle kakhulu. Kithina abantu abavamile, kungase kunembe kakhulu ukulinganisa ukuthi ibhethri elingu-100 kWh linesisindo esingamaphawundi angu-1,000. Njengohhafu wethani.
Manje cabanga okuthile okufana ne-Hummer SUT entsha, ethi inamandla okugibela afinyelela ku-213 kWh. Ngisho noma ujenene ethola impumelelo ethile ekusebenzeni kahle, i-Hummer ephezulu isazodonsa cishe ithani lamabhethri. Yebo, izoqhubekela phambili, kodwa ngenxa yazo zonke lezi zinzuzo ezengeziwe, ukwanda kobubanzi akuhambisani nokuphindwa kabili kwebhethri. Yiqiniso, iloli layo kufanele libe nenjini enamandla kakhulu - okungukuthi, engasebenzi kahle - ukuze ihambisane. Ukusebenza kokukhanya okuhlukile, okunye okufushane kobubanzi. Njengoba wonke unjiniyela wezimoto (noma ngabe ngesivinini noma ukonga uphethiloli) uzokutshela, isisindo yisitha.
Yilapho ibhethri lesakhiwo lingena khona. Ngokwakha izimoto ngamabhethri esikhundleni sokuzifaka ezakhiweni ezikhona, isisindo esiningi esingeziwe siyanyamalala. Ngokwezinga elithile—okungukuthi, lapho zonke izinto zesakhiwo ziguqulwa zibe amabhethri—ukwandisa ibanga lokuhamba kwemoto kuholela ekuncipheni cishe kwesisindo.
Njengoba ubungalindela—ngoba ngiyazi ukuthi uhlezi lapho ucabanga “Yeka umbono omuhle!”—kunezithiyo kulesi sixazululo esihlakaniphile. Owokuqala ukwazi kahle ikhono lokwenza amabhethri ngezinto ezingasetshenziswa hhayi kuphela njengama-anode nama-cathode kunoma yiliphi ibhethri eliyisisekelo, kodwa futhi namandla ngokwanele-futhi alula kakhulu! -Isakhiwo esikwazi ukweseka imoto engamathani amabili nabagibeli bayo, futhi kuthenjwa ukuthi izobe iphephile.
Akumangazi ukuthi izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko zebhethri lesakhiwo esinamandla kuze kube manje ezenziwe yi-Chalmers University of Technology futhi zatshalwa yi-KTH Royal Institute of Technology, amanyuvesi amabili onjiniyela adume kakhulu eSweden-i-carbon fiber ne-aluminium. Ngokuyinhloko, i-carbon fiber isetshenziswa njenge-electrode engalungile; I-electrode enhle isebenzisa i-lithium iron phosphate camera aluminium foil. Njengoba i-carbon fiber ibuye iqhube ama-electron, asikho isidingo sesiliva esindayo nethusi. I-cathode ne-anode zigcinwa zihlukaniswa yi-glass fiber matrix equkethe i-electrolyte, ngakho-ke ayithuthi kuphela i-lithium ion phakathi kwama-electrode, kodwa futhi ihambisa umthwalo wesakhiwo phakathi kokubili. Amandla kagesi avamile weseli ngalinye lebhethri amavolthi angu-2.8, futhi njengawo wonke amabhethri emoto kagesi akhona manje, ingahlanganiswa ukuze kukhiqizwe i-400V noma i-800V evamile ezimotweni zikagesi zansuku zonke.
Nakuba lokhu kuwukugxuma okucacile, ngisho nalawa maseli obuchwepheshe obuphezulu akakakulungeli neze isikhathi sokuqala. Ukuqina kwawo kwamandla kungamahora angama-watt angama-25 kuphela ngekhilogremu, futhi ukuqina kwawo kwesakhiwo kungu-25 gigapascals (GPa), okunamandla kancane kunefiber yengilazi yefreyimu. Kodwa-ke, ngoxhaso lwe-Swedish National Space Agency, inguqulo yakamuva manje isebenzisa i-carbon fibre eningi esikhundleni sama-electrode e-aluminium foil, abacwaningi abathi anokuqina nokuminyana kwamandla. Eqinisweni, lawa mabhethri akamuva ekhabhoni/ekhabhoni kulindeleke ukuthi akhiqize ugesi ongafika emahoreni angama-75 ngekhilogremu kanye nemodulus ye-Young engu-75 GPa. Lokhu kuminyana kwamandla kusengase kusasele ngemuva kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion endabuko, kodwa ukuqina kwawo kwesakhiwo manje sekungcono kune-aluminium. Ngamanye amazwi, ibhethri ye-chassis yemoto kagesi eyenziwe ngalawa mabhethri ingase iqine ngokwesakhiwo njengebhethri elenziwe nge-aluminium, kodwa isisindo sizoncipha kakhulu.
Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwalawa mabhethri obuchwepheshe obuphezulu cishe kungama-electronics omthengi. UProfesa wakwaChalmers uLeif Asp uthe: “Eminyakeni embalwa, kungenzeka ngokuphelele ukwenza i-smartphone, ilaptop noma ibhayisikili likagesi eliyingxenye yesisindo sanamuhla futhi eliminyene kakhudlwana.” Nokho, njengoba umuntu ophethe lo msebenzi abonisa, “Empeleni silinganiselwe kuphela ngokucabanga kwethu lapha.”
Ibhethri akuyona nje isisekelo sezimoto zikagesi zanamuhla, kodwa futhi isixhumanisi sayo esibuthakathaka. Ngisho nesibikezelo esinethemba elikhulu singabona kabili kuphela ukuminyana kwamandla kwamanje. Kuthiwani uma sifuna ukuthola ibanga elimangalisayo sonke esilithembisile - futhi kubonakala sengathi othile isonto ngalinye uthembisa amakhilomitha angu-1,000 ngenkokhiso ngayinye? — Kuzodingeka senze kangcono kunokwengeza amabhethri ezimotweni: kuzodingeka senze izimoto ngamabhethri.
Ochwepheshe bathi ukulungiswa kwesikhashana kweminye imizila eyonakele, kuhlanganise nothelawayeka waseCoquihalla, kuzothatha izinyanga ezimbalwa.
I-Postmedia izibophezele ekugcineni inkundla yezingxoxo esebenzayo kodwa eyimfihlo futhi ikhuthaza bonke abafundi ukuthi babelane ngemibono yabo ngezihloko zethu. Kungase kuthathe ihora ukuze amazwana avele kuwebhusayithi. Sikucela ukuthi ugcine ukuphawula kwakho kuhambisana futhi kunenhlonipho. Sinike amandla izaziso ze-imeyili-uma uthola impendulo yamazwana, uma uchungechunge lwamazwana olulandelayo lubuyekeziwe, noma uma ulandela amazwana omsebenzisi, manje usuzothola i-imeyili. Sicela uvakashele Izinkombandlela Zomphakathi wethu ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe kanye nemininingwane yokuthi ungazilungisa kanjani izilungiselelo ze-imeyili.