Ososayensi bahlola izidingo zansuku zonke ukuthola izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuzivikela ngokumelene ne-coronavirus.Amakesi omcamelo, amaphijama eflaneli kanye nezikhwama ze-origami vacuum zonke zingamakhandidethi.
Iziphathimandla zezempilo zikahulumeni manje zincoma ukusebenzisa indwangu ukumboza ubuso ngesikhathi sodlame lwe-coronavirus.Kodwa iyiphi impahla enikeza isivikelo esikhulu?
ICenters for Disease Control and Prevention ikhiphe amaphethini kamaski angenamthungo enziwe kusetshenziswa amaduku nezihlungi zekhofi, kanye namavidiyo amayelana nokwenza imaski kusetshenziswa amabhande enjoloba nezindwangu ezigoqiwe ezitholakala ekhaya.
Yize isembozo sobuso esilula singanciphisa ukusabalala kwe-coronavirus ngokuvikela amagciwane akwamanye amazwe abangelwa ukukhwehlela noma ukuthimula komuntu onaleli gciwane, ochwepheshe bathi izinga imaski yasekhaya engavikela ngayo ogqokile kumagciwane lincike ekufanelekeni komkhiqizo Ubulili kanye nekhwalithi.Izinto ezisetshenziswayo.
Ososayensi ezweni lonke bazimisele ukuhlonza izinto zansuku zonke ezingasefa kangcono izinhlayiya ezincane.Ezivivinyweni zakamuva, izihlungi zesitofu se-HEPA, izikhwama zokuhlanza umoya, ama-pillowcase angu-600 nezindwangu ezifana namaphijama efulana athole amaphuzu aphezulu.Izihlungi zekhofi ezistakiwe zizuze amaphuzu amaphakathi.Izinto zesikhafu neduku zathola amaphuzu aphansi, kodwa zisabambe inani elincane lezinhlayiya.
Uma ungenayo into ehloliwe, ukuhlolwa okulula kokukhanya kungakusiza ukuthi unqume ukuthi indwangu iyinketho efanelekile yamamaski.
UDkt. Scott Segal, usihlalo we-anesthesiology e-Wake Forest Baptist Health, uthe: “Yibeke ngaphansi kokukhanya okukhanyayo,” usanda kufunda imaski eyenziwe ekhaya.“Uma ukukhanya kudlula ku-fiber kalula futhi ungakwazi ukubona i-fiber, lokho akuyona indwangu enhle.Uma ulukwe ngendwangu ewugqinsi futhi ukukhanya kungadluli kangako, yilokho ofuna ukukusebenzisa.”
Abacwaningi bathi kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ucwaningo lwaselabhorethri lwenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle ngaphandle kokuvuza noma izikhala kumaski, kodwa indlela yokuhlola isinika indlela yokuqhathanisa izinto zokwakha.Yize izinga lokuhlunga lamanye imaski enziwe ekhaya libonakala liphansi, iningi lethu (ukuhlala ekhaya nokuqhelelana nomphakathi ezindaweni zomphakathi) alidingi izinga eliphezulu lokuvikelwa kwabasebenzi bezokwelapha.Okubaluleke nakakhulu, noma iyiphi imaskhi yobuso ingcono kunokungabi nayo imaski yobuso, ikakhulukazi uma umuntu otheleleke ngegciwane kodwa ongalazi igciwane eyigqokile.
Inselele enkulu ekukhetheni imaski eyenziwe mathupha ukuthola indwangu eminyene ngokwanele ukubamba izinhlayiya zegciwane, kodwa ephefumulayo futhi eyanele ukugqokwa.Ezinye izinto ezishiwo ku-inthanethi zinamaphuzu aphezulu okuhlunga, kodwa lokhu okubalulekile ngeke kuguge.
U-Wang Wang, umsizi kaprofesa wobunjiniyela bezemvelo e-Missouri University of Science and Technology, usebenze nabafundi bakhe abathweswe iziqu ekuhlanganiseni okuhlukahlukene kwezinto ezihlanganisa i-multilayer, okuhlanganisa izihlungi zomoya nezindwangu.UDkt. Wang wathi: “Udinga into ekwazi ukususa izinhlayiya ngokuphumelelayo, kodwa futhi udinga ukuphefumula.”UDkt. Wang uwine i-International Aerosol Research Award ngekwindla edlule.
Ukuze kuhlolwe izinto ezisetshenziswa nsuku zonke, ososayensi basebenzisa izindlela ezifanayo nalezo ezisetshenziswa ukuhlola imaski yezokwelapha, futhi wonke umuntu uyavuma ukuthi abasebenzi bezokwelapha abachayeka kwimithamo ephezulu yaleli gciwane ngenxa yokuvakashela abantu abanaleli gciwane kufanele bakhululwe ezindlekweni.Omaski bezokwelapha abahamba phambili ababizwa nge-N95 gas masks-bahlunga okungenani ama-95% ezinhlayiya ezincane njengo-0.3 microns.Ngokuphambene, imaskhi evamile yokuhlinza (eyenziwe kusetshenziswa indwangu engunxande enamacici anwebekayo) inokuhlunga kahle okungama-60% kuya ku-80%.
Ithimba likaDkt. Wang lihlole izinhlobo ezimbili zezihlungi zomoya.Isihlungi se-HVAC esehlisa i-allergies sisebenza kahle kakhulu, ngesendlalelo esisodwa sithatha u-89% wezinhlayiya kanye nezendlalelo ezimbili ezithatha u-94% wezinhlayiya.Isihlungi sesithando somlilo sithatha u-75% wamanzi ngezingqimba ezimbili, kodwa kuthatha izingqimba eziyisithupha ukufika ku-95%.Ukuze uthole isihlungi esifana nalesi esihloliwe, bheka isilinganiso esincane sokubika ivelu yokusebenza kahle (MERV) esingu-12 noma ngaphezulu, noma isilinganiso sokusebenza esiyingxenye engu-1900 noma ngaphezulu.
Inkinga ngezihlungi zomoya ukuthi zingawisa imicu emincane ehogela ngendlela eyingozi.Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna ukusebenzisa isihlungi, udinga ukufaka isangweji isihlungi phakathi kwezingqimba ezimbili zendwangu kakotini.UDkt. Wang uthe omunye wabafundi bakhe abathweswe iziqu uzenzele eyakhe imaskhi ngokwemiyalo ekwividiyo ye-CDC, kodwa wengeza izendlalelo ezimbalwa zezinto zokuhlunga esikhafuni esiyisikwele.
Ithimba likaDkt. Wang liphinde lathola ukuthi lapho kusetshenziswa izindwangu ezithile ezivame ukusetshenziswa, izingqimba ezimbili zinikeza isivikelo esingaphansi kakhulu kwezine.Ikesi lomcamelo elinezintambo ezingu-600 lingathwebula kuphela u-22% wezinhlayiya lapho liphindwe kabili, kodwa izendlalelo ezine zingathwebula cishe u-60% wezinhlayiya.Isikhafu sovolo esiwugqinsi sihluza ama-21% ezinhlayiya ezendlalelo ezimbili kanye nama-48.8% ezinhlayiya ezendlalelo ezine.Iduku likakotini elingu-100% lenze okubi kakhulu, libalelwa ku-18.2% kuphela lapho liphindwe kabili, kanye no-19.5% kuphela ezingqimbeni ezine.
Ithimba liphinde lahlola izihlungi zekhofi zikabhasikidi ze-Brew Rite ne-Natural Brew.Uma izihlungi zekhofi zimbondelene ezingqimbeni ezintathu, ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga kungu-40% kuya ku-50%, kodwa ukungena komoya wazo kuphansi kunezinye izinketho.
Uma unenhlanhla yokubona i-quilt, bacele ukuthi bakwenzele imaski.Ukuhlolwa okwenziwe eWake Forest Regenerative Medicine Institute eWinston Salem, North Carolina, kubonise ukuthi imaski yasekhaya eyenziwe kusetshenziswa indwangu ethungiwe isebenza kahle.UDkt. Segal we-Wake Forest Baptist Sanitation, ophethe lolu cwaningo, uveze ukuthi ama-quilt avame ukusebenzisa ukotini wekhwalithi ephezulu, onenani eliphezulu.Ocwaningweni lwakhe, imaski eyenziwe kahle kakhulu yasekhaya ilungile njengamamaski okuhlinzwa, noma ingcono kancane, futhi uhla lokuhlunga oluhloliwe luyi-70% kuya ku-79%.UDkt. Segal uthe izinga lokuhluzwa kwemaski enziwe ekhaya kusetshenziswa izindwangu ezivuthayo liphansi njenge-1%.
Imiklamo esebenza kahle kakhulu imaski eyenziwe ngezingqimba ezimbili zekhwalithi ephezulu ye-heavyweight "quilt cotton", imaski enezingqimba ezimbili ezenziwe ngendwangu ye-batik ewugqinsi, nezingqimba zangaphakathi zefulaneli nezendlalelo zangaphandle.Imaski enezendlalelo ezimbili.ukotini.
UBonnie Browning, umqondisi ophethe we-American Sewing Manufacturers Association, wathi ama-quilt akhetha izindwangu zikakotini ezilukwe ngokuqinile ne-batik, ezizoma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.UNksz Browning uthe imishini eminingi yokuthunga ingakwazi kuphela ukuphatha izingqimba ezimbili zendwangu lapho yenza imaski enemibala, kodwa abantu abafuna izingqimba ezine zokuzivikela bangagqoka imaski emibili ngesikhathi.
Unksz Browning uthe usanda kuhlangana ne-quilt kuFacebook wezwa amazwi abantu abangama-71, abenze imaski ecishe ibe ngu-15,000 sebebonke.UNksz. Browning, ohlala ePaducah, eKentucky, uthe: “Imishini yethu yokuthunga iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.”Into eyodwa iningi lethu elinayo ukufihla izindwangu.
Labo abangathungi bangazama imaski ye-origami egoqiwe edalwe u-Jiang Wu Wu, umsizi kaprofesa wedizayini yangaphakathi e-Indiana University.UNksz Wu waziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe wobuciko ogoqayo omangalisayo.Uthe njengoba umfowabo aphakamisa eHong Kong (imvamisa lapho egqoke imaskhi), waqala ukuklama uhlobo olugoqayo olunempahla yezokwelapha neyokwakha ebizwa ngokuthi iTyvek kanye nesikhwama sevacuum.Izifihlabuso.yona.(I-DuPont, umkhiqizi we-Tyvek, esitatimendeni ukuthi i-Tyvek yenzelwe izingubo zezokwelapha kunokuba imaski.) Iphethini yemaski egoqekayo itholakala ku-inthanethi mahhala, futhi ividiyo ibonisa inqubo yokugoqa.Ezivivinyweni ezenziwa yiNyuvesi yaseMissouri kanye neNyuvesi yaseVirginia, ososayensi bathole ukuthi isikhwama sevacuum sisuse u-60% kuya ku-87% wezinhlayiya.Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlobo zezikhwama ze-vacuum zingaqukatha i-fiberglass noma kunzima kakhulu ukuphefumula kunezinye izinto, ngakho-ke akufanele zisetshenziswe.UNksz Wu usebenzise isikhwama se-EnviroCare Technologies.Le nkampani ithe ayisebenzisi i-glass fiber ezikhwameni zayo zephepha kanye nezikhwama ze-synthetic fiber.
UNksz Wu uthe: “Ngifuna ukwenza ukukhetha kubantu abangathungi,” kusho yena.Ukhuluma namaqembu ahlukahlukene ukuthola ezinye izinto ezisebenza kahle ekugoqeni imaski.“Ngenxa yokushoda kwezinto ezihlukahlukene, ngisho nesikhwama sevacuum singase siphele.”
Ugqinsi olujwayelekile olusetshenziswa ososayensi abenza ukuhlolwa bangama-microns angu-0.3 ngoba leli izinga lokulinganisa elisetshenziswa yi-National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health kumamaski ezokwelapha.
U-Linsey Marr, usosayensi we-aerosol e-Virginia Tech futhi onguchwepheshe wokudluliselwa kwegciwane, uthe indlela yokuqinisekisa izihlungi zokuphefumula nezihlungi ze-HEPA igxile kuma-microns angu-0.3, ngoba izinhlayiya zalo sayizi yizo okunzima kakhulu ukuzithwebula.Uthe nakuba kungase kubonakale kuphambene, izinhlayiya ezincane kuno-0.1 micron empeleni kulula ukuzithwebula ngoba zinokunyakaza okuningi okungahleliwe okuzenza zishaye imicu yokuhlunga.
“Ngisho noma i-coronavirus icishe ibe ngu-0.1 microns, izontanta ngosayizi abahlukahlukene ukusuka ku-0.2 kuye kumakhulu ambalwa ama-microns.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abantu bakhipha igciwane emaconsini okuphefumula, nawo aqukethe usawoti omningi.Amaprotheni nezinye izinto,” uDkt. Marr, ngisho noma amanzi asemathonsini ehwamuka ngokuphelele, asekhona usawoti omningi, futhi amaprotheni nezinye izinsalela kuhlala kusesimweni sezinto eziqinile noma ezifana nejeli.Ngicabanga ukuthi ama-microns angu-0.3 asawusizo ekuqondisweni ngoba ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga kuzoba ngakulo sayizi, okuyikhona okusetshenziswa yi-NIOSH.”